Performance Management P G - 2697 Words

Introduction: PG is a multinational Organization of consumer goods situated in United States. It sells products like personal care, cleaning agents, pet foods. The PG Company is well known for its unique strategy which cares about the need of human. It not only makes its product available to its consumers but also tries to improve the life of its consumers. This strategy is more focus on its consumers wants and that is why it has an appeal to the heart of the consumer. The company has diversified its product line and also acquired other companies which have significantly contributed in the growth of their profitability. There are many kinds of tools in performance management, they are : performance planning, development planning, self-evaluation questions, training and evaluation which must be used in and effective way so as to increase the participation of the employees in the organization with it maximum potential. Hence performance management helps and organization to obtain its objective with effective manpower. The functions of HR for aligning a new performance management system with the strategic plan: The strategic orientation of PG towards its purpose and values: The purpose of PG is to improve the lives of the consumer from various parts of the world and provide superior quality of services and products and value. In return they intend to receive consumer reward with leadership value creation, sales and profit by considering their shareholders, customers andShow MoreRelatedPrinciples, Values, And Principles Essay1204 Words   |  5 PagesValues, and Principles PG’s purpose is to â€Å"provide branded products and services of superior quality and value that improve the lives of the world’s consumers† (Procter Gamble, 2003). PG values their employees through leadership, ownership, integrity, passion for winning, and trust. PG entices and recruits best people in the world, builds their organization by promoting and rewarding from within, and believes that their employees will always be the most important asset. PG has many principlesRead MoreMeasuring The Effectiveness Of Programs974 Words   |  4 PagesEFFECTIVENESS OF PROGRAMS A.G. Lafley, PG’s Chairman of the Board, once said A diverse organization will out-think and out-perform a homogeneous organization every single time. (Allen, Munn, Neck, n.d.) However, the concept of diversity management is a relatively new idea in corporate America. The scope of the work, as well as the measure of results are not quite a hard and fast set of rules and predictable outcomes as other aspects of business management can be. While new research is emergingRead MoreAnalysis Of P G Us910 Words   |  4 PagesIn the 1950s, PG US was organized by product (Diagram 1) †¢ Advantages of organizing by product are: o Faster decision making on the products o Decision making can be effectively done by Brand managers instead of escalating it to executives o Product development life cycle can be improved o Faster product modifications based on the customer response o Performance of each divisional products are can be evaluated easily based on the income statements. As each product division is independent, we canRead MoreDefinition Of Terms Are As An Example Of A Job And The Type Of Person Who Should Be Hired Essay1128 Words   |  5 Pagesbefore the interview. e. Assessment Centers- a simulation in which candidates are asked to perform different tasks in a hypothetical situation and are scored according to their performance. f. Personality tests- tests that measure basic aspects of a person’s personality such as introversion, stability, and motivation. g. Performance simulation tests- tests that measure an applicant by simulating physically demanding work activities. h. Profit sharing- employees receive a portion of the company’s annualRead MoreManaging with Analytics at Proctor Gamble Essay1718 Words   |  7 Pagesthings over the years, including the information decision solutions provided through their core analytics team. With the passionate leadership exhibited by the company’s CEO, Bob McDonald, and the ambitious and visionary efforts of CIO Passerini, Pamp;G was able to secure a clear competitive advantage through the development of their analytics department. In this case discussion, a brief overview of the company’s efforts to transform their IT department as well as specific actions and results willRead MoreProcter Gambler: Organisation1063 Words   |  5 Pagesstructure shift from geographic grouping in the 1950s to category management in the 1980s? Why were the two structures integrated into a global cube in the 1990s?       As mentioned in the article, the US market is a large homogenous one, which is characterized by buyers with similar needs and wants.    PG originally operated in the US in the form of product division management in order to facilitate nationwide brands.    This management technique of individual operating divisions grouped employeesRead MoreHuman Resource Structure807 Words   |  3 Pagesorganization. However, the improper management from the HR structure can put the organization in a very difficult situation. Based on the case study, an employee named Lu Yueting had poisoned the dumpling in the company by using a piston because he was not satisfied with the salary that he and his co-worker received from their employer, after 16 years of working experience. In this case, it shown that the HR structure of the company are lacking in the employee relation management. The HR consultant seemsRead MoreSocial Influences On Creativity : The Effects Of Contracted For Reward Essay729 Words   |  3 Pages1. Amabile, T. M., Hennessey, B. A., Grossman, B. S. (1986). Social influences on creativity: The effects of contracted-for reward. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 14-23 2. Avery G. Ryan J. (2002): Applying situational leadership in Australia, Journal of Management Development, 21, 4, 242-262. 3. Avolio, B., Gardner, W. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 16(3), 315-338.†¨ 4. Avolio, B., GardnerRead MoreNon Financial Performance : Human Talent1561 Words   |  7 PagesNon-financial Performance Human Talent: The Company is involved in regular training and capability building in order to have competent workforce who can offer their maximum support for attainment of desired outcomes. In addition, PG involves proper leadership development and offering its experienced employee with an opportunity of succession planning that in return leads to high employee preservation at the enterprise11. Apart from these, varied pension plans; post-employment benefits and additionalRead MorePG Organization Structure Essay examples824 Words   |  4 PagesPamp;G Case Analysis The history of Pamp;G is a vivid story of organization strategy as it goes through the entrepreneurial, collectivity, formalization, and elaboration stages. It evolves from a domestic company to multination, global, international, and finally transnational company. The organization structure keeps evolving correspondingly in its life cycle. As it becomes a globalized company, it is weighed down by the bureaucracy and hierarchy. Finding a fit organization structure and executing

Psych 101 Final Exam Free Essays

Part 1 of 1 – 100. 0/ 100. 0 Points Question 1 of 50 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Psych 101 Final Exam or any similar topic only for you Order Now 0/ 2. 0 Points Recovering a memory is like a _____________. A. Replaying a videotape of an event and filling in the missing sensory experiences, such as smell B. Reading a short story in which the plot is detailed but mental images must be generated C. Hearing the soundtrack of a story without access to the visual, and other sensory images Correct D. Watching unconnected frames of a movie and figuring out what the rest of the scene was like. Answer Key: D Question 2 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Which term is used to describe the confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you. Correct A. Confabulation B. Flashbulb memories C. Serial position effects D. Priming Answer Key: A Question 3 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Detective Adams interrogates eyewitnesses of crimes on a regular basis. To ensure that their testimony is accurate, it is important that he ____________________. A. Ask leading questions B. Make suggestive comments Correct C. Avoid misleading information D. Provide misleading information Answer Key: C Question 4 of 50 2. 0/ 2. Points The relearning method of measuring implicit memory, devised by Ebbinghaus involves _____________. A. Recognition of previous information shared B. Recall of previously performed tasks Correct C. Studying information or a task learned previously D. Reteaching of information learned at an earlier age. Answer Key: C Question 5 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points In the three-box model, all incoming information must make a brief stop in the _________. A. Short-term memory B. Long-term memory Correct C. Sensory register D. Working memory Answer Key: C Question 6 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points When you roller blade, you are relying on ______________ memory. A. Semantic B. Episodic Correct C. Procedural D. Declarative Answer Key: C Question 7 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Autobiographical memory begins when ___________________. A. A child turns one B. A child is able to think in the abstract Correct C. A self-concept is established D. Routines have been established Answer Key: C Question 8 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs because of experience is called ____________. A. Behavior modification B. Higher-order conditioning Correct C. Learning D. Shaping Answer Key: C Question 9 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points When Alan feeds his fish, he notices that they swim to the top as soon as he turns on the aquarium light. In this example, the _______________ is the conditioned stimulus. A. Presence of Alan near the aquarium B. Fish swimming to the top Correct C. Aquarium light D. Fish food Answer Key: C Question 10 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points In classical conditioning, if a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, then _______________ occurs. A. Instinctive drift Correct B. Extinction C. Counterconditioning D. Discrimination Answer Key: B Question 11 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Shortly after Martin and his wife at filet mignon with bearnaise sauce, Martin fell ill with the flu. Classical conditioning occurred and _________ became a conditioned stimulus for nausea. A. The type of china used by the restaurant B. The presence of Martin’s wife C. The soft light from the candles Correct D. Bearnaise sauce Answer Key: D Question 12 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Punishment ____________ the response Correct A. Weakens B. Strengthens C. Has no effect on D. Depends on Answer Key: A Question 13 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points In their study of three groups of rats in a maze, Tolman and his colleague Honzik noted that ______________ occurs without obvious reinforcement. A. Operant conditioning B. Classical conditioning Correct C. Latent learning D. Successive approximation Answer Key: C Question 14 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points ___________________ psychologists study how roles, attitudes, relationships, and groups influence people to do things they would not necessarily do on their own Correct A. Social B. Cultural C. Clinical D. Counseling Answer Key: A Question 15 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Marco enters an elevator and stands in it facing the back instead of turning around to face the elevator door. In this example, Marco violates ________________. A. His gender role B. A social role Correct C. A norm D. A stereotype Answer Key: C Question 16 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points When we make situational attributions, we are identifying the cause of an action as something Correct A. In the environment B. In the person’s disposition C. That is a biological trait D. With an unconscious motivation Answer Key: A Question 17 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points _______________ is a tendency for all people on a team or a mission together to agree with each other and suppress any dissension among their ranks. Correct A. Groupthink B. Conformity C. Consensus D. Deindividuation Answer Key: A Question 18 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Lucas is making his way across a busy campus between classes. He notices smoke coming from the side of the cafeteria but figures that some one already called the fire department. What phenomenon does this illustrate? A. Just-world hypothesis Correct B. Diffusion of responsibility C. Deindividuation D. Groupthink Answer Key: B Question 19 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points _____________ occurs when members of minority groups come to identify with and feel a part of the mainstream culture A. Socialization B. Ethnocentrism Correct C. Acculturation D. Indoctrination Answer Key: C Question 20 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Lindsay has weak feelings of ethnic identity with her Scottish heritage and a strong sense of acculturation with the United States, proclaiming that she is an American and that is that! Lindsay would be considered A. Separatist B. Bicultural Correct C. Assimilated D. Marginal Answer Key: C Question 21 of 50 2. / 2. 0 Points In what ways do stereotypes distort reality? Correct A. They exaggerate differences between groups B. They overestimate differences within other groups C. They produce many different perceptions D. They show that members of a group can be different Answer Key: A Question 22 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points The need to avoid stereotyping was illustrated in the story of the Bahamas vacation of social psychologist Roger Brown. Brown noticed that the people he met from the Bahamas were rude, sullen, and unfriendly. By the end of this trip, Brown had concluded that ______________. A. The people that he met had to deal with so many demanding tourists that it was difficult for them to remain friendly. Correct B. The expression on his own face had been wintry and unrelaxed, and so Bahamas residents assumed he was not interested in them and acted in a noncommittal manner C. Ethnocentrism is strong in the Bahamas, creating an us-them barrier between the residents and tourists. D. The majority of the residents who interact with tourists on a regular basis have become ethic separatists tied to the tourism industry for economic reasons. Answer Key: B Question 23 of 50 2. / 2. 0 Points The primary purpose of the DSM is to ________________. A. Help psychologists assess normal, as well as abnormal behavior B. Keep the number of diagnostic categories of mental disorders to a minimum Correct C. Provide descriptive criteria for diagnosing mental disorders D. Describe the causes of common psychological disorders. Answer Key: C Question 24 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Psychological t ests are used to infer a person’s motives, conflicts, and unconscious dynamics on the basis of the person’s interpretations of ambiguous stimuli are called _____________. A. Clinical judgment tests B. Inventories C. Objective tests Correct D. Projective tests Answer Key: D Question 25 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points The chief characteristics of generalized anxiety disorder is _________________. Correct A. Continuous, uncontrollable anxiety or worry B. Short-lived but intense feelings of spontaneous anxiety C. Excessive fear of a particular situation D. Repeated thoughts used to ward off anxious feelings Answer Key: A Question 26 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Kellie is extremely fearful in situations in which she must eat in public or write in the presence of others. What Kellie has is classified as _________________. A. A generalized anxiety disorder B. An idiosyncratic phobia C. An obsessive-compulsive disorder Correct D. A social phobia Answer Key: D Question 27 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points ______________ is a disorder in which a person experiences episodes of mania and depression. A. Generalized anxiety disorder B. Major depression Correct C. Bipolar disorder D. Borderline personality disorder Answer Key: C Question 28 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Which of the following is a factor involved in causing depression A. Repeated experience of violence B. Vulnerability to stress C. Cognitive habits Correct D. All of the above Answer Key: D Question 29 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points The _____________ model holds that addiction to alcohol or any drug is due primarily to a person’s biochemistry, metabolism, and genetic predisposition. Correct A. Biological B. Social learning C. Cognitive D. Addiction Answer Key: A Question 30 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Which of the following is a psychotic disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, incoherent speech, emotional flatness, and a loss of motivation? Correct A. Schizophrenia B. Psychopath C. Dissociative identity disorder D. Paranoid personality disorder Answer Key: A Question 31 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Dr. Sardonicus is a clinician who treats clients with psychological disorders. His main approach to treatment includes use of medications and direct intervention in brain function. Dr. Sardonicus is most likely a A. Psychoanalyst Correct B. Psychiatrist C. Psychologist D. Psychotherapist Answer Key: B Question 32 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points People suffering from bipolar disorder are helped by taking ________________. A. An antipsychotic B. A tranquilizer Correct C. Lithium carbonate D. An antidepressant Answer Key: C Question 33 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Which below is a reason to be cautious about drug prescription in the treatment of mental disorders? A. Relapse and dropout rates B. Difficulty in determining right dosage C. Unknown risks over time Correct D. All of the above Answer Key: D Question 34 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Electroconvulsive therapy has been used successfully to treat _____________ that has not responded to other treatments, but the effects are short-lived. A. Bipolar disorder Correct B. Severe depression C. Schizophrenia D. Obsessive-compulsive disorder Answer Key: B Question 35 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points The originator of the famous â€Å"talking cure† in psychology was ______________. Correct A. Sigmund Freud B. Carl Rogers C. John Watson D. Albert Ellis Answer Key: A Question 36 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Systematic desensitization is based on ___________________. Correct A. Counter conditioning B. Operant conditioning C. Stimulus generalization D. Spontaneous recovery Answer Key: A Question 37 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points The technique, invented by Albert Ellis, known as _________________ is a form of cognitive therapy. A. Transference Correct B. Rational-emotive therapy C. Flooding D. Unconditional positive regard Answer Key: B Question 38 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Clients who do well in therapy tend to __________________. Correct A. Be agreeable and have a positive outlook B. Have a personal style of avoiding difficulties C. Have at least 2 siblings D. Participate in self-help groups Answer Key: A Question 39 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Emotions bind people together and ______________. A. Motivate people to make friends B. Make them more sensitive Correct C. Motivate them to achieve their goals D. Make them stronger Answer Key: C Question 40 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Disgust and contempt would typically be considered _______________. Correct A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Conditioned Answer Key: A Question 41 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Simon has damage to his amygdala. It is most likely that he ______________. Correct A. Has difficulty recognizing fear in others B. Has lost the capacity to set aside his fear even when the danger is gone C. Feels excessively manic and euphoric D. Feels excessively depressed Answer Key: A Question 42 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points As a child’s cerebral cortex matures, cognitions and emotions __________________. A. Develop at the same pace B. Maintain present levels C. Become less cognitively complex Correct D. Become more cognitively complex Answer Key: D Question 43 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points A North American man would be LESS LIKELY than a North American woman to say ____________. A. â€Å"I’m on edge† Correct B. â€Å"I’m worried† C. â€Å"I’m frustrated† D. â€Å"I’m moody. † Answer Key: B Question 44 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Children who live or go to school near noisy airports have ___________________. Correct A. Higher blood pressure and having memory problems B. Higher blood pressure but are able to easily focus C. Lower blood pressure and are more distractable D. Lower blood pressure but are able to easily focus Answer Key: A Question 45 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Which of the following is related to having an internal locus of control? Correct A. Optimism B. Learned helplessness C. Pessimism D. Emotion work Answer Key: A Question 46 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Type A people? A. Sense of time urgency B. Ambitiousness Correct C. Patience D. Irritability Answer Key: C Question 47 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points What coping method is being used when a person says, â€Å"Well, I may have lost my accounting job, but I always did want a chance to work with people, and now I can find a job that allows me to do that? Correct A. Reappraising the situation B. Learning from the experience C. Making social comparisons D. Cultivating a sense of humor Answer Key: A Question 48 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points According to attachment theory of love, anxious or ambivalent lovers worry that ____________. A. They love their partner too much Correct B. Their partner will leave them C. Their partner will never give them space D. Their partner is not good enough Answer Key: B Question 49 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points Although Kinsey saw women as being ___________________. A. Completely different from men anatomically B. Caring more about affection than sexual satisfaction Correct C. As sexually motivated as men D. Less sexually motivated than men. Answer Key: C Question 50 of 50 2. 0/ 2. 0 Points When gender roles change because of social and economic shifts in society, so do ___________. A. Economic and social arrangements B. Rates of marriage Correct C. Sexual scripts D. Rates of divorce Answer Key: C How to cite Psych 101 Final Exam, Essay examples

How does Hosseini make his opening exciting free essay sample

Hosseini makes his opening to The Kite Runner interesting by using a range of techniques. In the opening to this story: The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini writes it in the first person; making up a character called Amir. By writing this chapter in the first person, it intrigues the reader to carry on reading and makes you think of some many questions throughout this. For example why did Hassan ring him up? What happened in winter 1975? Why has he been peeking into that deserted alley for the last twenty-six years? This makes it exciting, and makes the reader want to read the rest of the of the book. At the start of chapter one the author says: ‘on a frigid overcast day in the winter of 1975’ and at the end of the chapter he writes ‘†¦I had lived until the winter of1975 came along and changed everything’ by saying â€Å"the winter of 1975† makes us wonder as readers, what happened in that year that’s so significant that Hosseini needs to mention it twice, in a short space of writing. We will write a custom essay sample on How does Hosseini make his opening exciting? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of these techniques that Hosseini uses is pathetic fallacy. The use of this immediately makes the first chapter more interesting. Hosseini writes; ‘on a frigid overcast day in the winter of 19751’ the word frigid and over cast could symbolise what Amir was going through, during his childhood. Another way that Hosseini makes his opening exciting is by using vivid imagery. Hosseini describes the alley way in much detail. He writes; â€Å"crouching behind a crumbling mud wall† the word crumbling could mean many things. In my opinion I think that it could show a negative perspective, and it could reflect what he was going through at the time. By using vivid imagery it makes the piece seem more interesting and exciting, as it makes you wonder what his childhood like was, and also wants to make you read on. Overall by using all of these techniques and more Hosseini makes the first chapter really interesting, and exciting. Moreover in my opinion it makes me want to read on.

Meaning of Literature

Introduction According to   Baym 2007 in the book, â€Å"The Norton anthology American literature: Beginnings to 1865†, literature is defined as written, spoken, or observable material that holds some meaning that can be interpolated or offer information, explanation about anything from creative writing to more technical or scientific work. Life on its very nature can be defined as part of literature; elements of literature that are observable in human social life include culture, language, symbols, signals, poetry, songs, and dances.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Meaning of Literature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In academic circles, literature author’s messages are decoded by readers to get meaning and an in-depth understanding of what the writer wanted to convey using literary theory, using a mythological, sociological, psychological, or historical methodologies. Literature has relevance in human life as it communicate to individuals, societies, its universal and has an impact on human life (Baym, 2007). This paper takes a look at the meaning of literature; it will focus on the issues brought about in the book â€Å"â€Å"The Norton anthology American literature: Beginnings to 1865.† Newspapers and literature Newspapers and periodical can be classified as literature when considering that they address a certain topic in the social, economic, and political arena that talks about the human life, their community and has an impact on their life. Print news are information gotten from paper printed news that come out periodically; in the context of news, the most used print news articles are the newspapers that are produced daily reporting matter of the last 24 hours and sometimes offering some reviews to older news and information. Other than newspapers and other dailies, there are a number of weekly and monthly articles that are being produced reflecting on cert ain matters that transpired in the last week or month; in most cases the articles may be looking at certain aspect in the community say politics, economies, sports or other social happenings (Baym, 2007). The Back of a cereal box literature With changes in culture and generations, the world is facing a new wave of generation that seems to have little relevance to written literature or they are not willing to have written literature. Generation Y is fulfilling their surveillance needs in the most efficient manner in terms of access, costs, and availability; with the above characteristics, free news media has seen a niche market where it can sell its products and services. Free news media offer news in simplified form that is formatted to attract the attention of its target market who happens to be the youth in the current generation as they prepare to grow with the population to their old age. On the other hand, the print news media has maintained a conventional news presentation for mat that seems give preference to national and international news on different matter; they have the space and the time to offer in-depth analysis and sometime experts’ opinion on certain issues.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The format as adopted by print media is more informative than the one addressed by the free news media, however the current generation of youth seems not to be very concerned on quality but consider their personal interests when choosing the material they are going to use for information (Baym, 2007). The situation on the ground portrays that print news media no longer command an increasing market; however their demand is decreasing for the good of free news media. Why are some writings chosen to be in the book and others not When reading the article, (The norton anthology American literature ) book, we note that human beings have diverse cultu res and live in different areas in the globe; this has made them to talk, pronounce, have an accent and stress words differently. Linguistic anthropology concerns itself with the relationship between language and culture of human beings. There are various aspects of human life that language just like any other factor that influence the life of human being touches/ can be used to explain, these areas are participation, reflexivity, voice and chronoscope, circulation, identities, gender sexuality, ideology, text, and grammar. Language is a part and parcel of human life that is developed with ones knowledge or not. It was instilled by our parents after we were born, human beings will copy others in the socialization process; after they have copied them they get identity with the copied tribe or community. These aspects are deeply instilled in the human beings and he is not aware that they define each step that he makes . The kind of language that a person undertakes have a certain bac king from where the person comes from, it can define the back ground of the person; the strong points of interpolation are found in the selection of words, the tone as well and the volume that a person uses to express his needs. In communities that are racists the use of the language that is meant for the majority or the minority can place the individual on either side. One can be identified to belong to a certain race out of the use of works that he adopts and the accent that he is having on the particular language.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Meaning of Literature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example the blacks in the United States of America have some words like â€Å"nigger† that have meaning to them and identify them from the larger group. When one is dealing with such a person, you don’t have to ask the tribe or the social setting that he comes from all you need is to listen to hi m talk. The general argument is that by listening to the way a person talks, what works he is stressing and which letters he seems not to pronounce in his reading, one can know the cultural background of the Individual. Stressing some works and relaxing some give different meaning to the same work; this may be giving it verb status or noun. For example by stressing the word produce- mostly said with a raising voice, it may mean the act of producing; thus a verb, when the same is said politely, it means the outcome thus a noun. As one is brought up, through early socialization, the choice of word is learnt and it is interpolated differently by different groups. Other aspects are biologically instilled in the human beings. What are the editors looking for in writing for it to be included as â€Å"literature†? When writing the book the writer seems to be looking for the following human characters that can be derived through literature understanding. Identity Human beings do not live alone but they are social beings. They are there for the each other in times of need and build these relationships by expressing their own feeling and opinions this is done by the use of understandable language. They must communicate to the recipient in the language that he is going to understand. Communication becomes effective when the language that the two parties are using is well understood by them; this is the use of language. Language goes further than the oral talks but involve written information, body language, and electronic transfer of information. It is the language that we use that makes the world to have â€Å"sense† everything that is in the world gets a meaning when language is used to express its use. Problems only get a solution when the solvers can use the correct language. The innovations that is a good resultant aspect of education has its root in language; these spans from the general understanding of things as they are to specific analysis of a pa rticular case. Taking a traditional case, in each society there is culture that holds its people together, one of the major components of culture is language; this is because the language that is adopted by a particular society is unique in its own ways . Identity can be defined as the stable and fixed aspects of selfhood: things that you check off on census forms such as; Race or ethnicity, Nationality, Social class and Gender. The way someone uses his language is of importance to show his or her identity.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In African countries for example those people who belong to high class talk a different set of English, the way that they pronounce names is different from the other members, all over those people who are living in towns are associated with quality English and other languages, this is a tool that can be used to give the class its own status and class. Those from the village and rural area talk broken English. When language is the tool that is used to identify ethnicity, there are two sides of looking at it. One is that a person identifies himself as from a certain tribe or learns that the others are not of the same ethnicity. The choice of words that we use in the daily conversation gives the impression of what kind of a background that one has; the fact that some communities use some words to express different issues can be learnt. According to Ali G story, there are two sets of languages; they are vernacular and Standard English. When one is using either, the weight that the infor mation is going to be carried by is different. If we take the case of America, the black Americans and the Native Americans, if a black can talk vernacular the information that he converging is not seen as serious as the case would have been if he used Standard English. Standard English is seen to have few diversion of the original information and thus the message brought forward by it is seen as more serious. One who talks Standard English is seen as a Native American and thus the treatments will be as so. Standard English is then a show of sincerity and used to convey serious messages. When a combination of vernacular and Standard English is used, it gives the impression of areas that need more emphasis than others and them that can be taken lightly. The identity of the message identifies the sender’s feeling and identity at large. When the issue of ethnicity comes into picture, in most cases one does not need to say whether he is black or white since the skin color can tel l. Traditionally the skin was good enough to identify the ethnicity of the person concerned. The Asians and the Chinese have unique physical appearance that one only needs to look at them and you can tell the ethnicity. However, there are some countries that the colour cannot form basis of identity. One of this is the Hutus and Tutsi of Rwanda. During the Rwanda massacre fight, the tool that they used to identify ones tribe was only the language. This is so because they have similar physical appearances, they could talk the others language; but the way they pronounced some names made the difference and eventually lead to the identity that A belongs to this tribe and B the other. In the situation of computer based interaction; the exchangers of information are not at close vicinity of each other but they can identify their ethnicity by the language that they use in the interaction. There is the issue of national homogenize languages that a particular country may adopt, anyone who is coming in the country either as a visitor or a passer-by may not be aware of the language, when he communicate, then one can identify that he is of a different ethnicity. In most ethnic settings the old people are more versed with the language of the particular society, their selection of words is different from that of the youth which is influenced by education and modern time’s interactions. For example in Africa, there are diverse tribes that each has a different culture; the old population that mostly live in the rural areas and are less learnt, the youth stay in town centres that they have different tribes, their language is thus diluted by the interactions and the education that they have taken. When an old person who is from the village or a young people from the village is talking, the kind of language that he is going to use will be highly influenced by the traditional settings; this may be in the broken English or French (the learnt foreign language) or will have a deep understanding of the local language. With this one can easily identify the age and the social setting in terms of location that this person belongs to. Language and Participation When people are interacting with each other, their interaction is facilitated by communication among them; for an effective communication then the need for language cannot be over emphasized. There is need to express ones ideas in an appropriate way; in participation, may it be in games or activities, the players must understand each other, the language that they will use is of essence. Different situations call for different languages, the language that is used in a game situation is different from the one that is used in a job place. The language that the youth use is different from the one that the old use; this happens when they are talking to themselves or talking to others of different age groups. If one cannot express his or her ideas in the right way, he may not be resourceful as the situation demands. How well a group understands each other determines how productive they will be, when they use appropriate language they do it to benefit their members and most probably to keep off the opponents. An example of this is in football, the coach always have different language that can only be understood by the team that he is coaching and thus the opponents won’t know what instructions has been given. In military settings, there is unique language that is used to convey different aspects, the commands are given in a language that will only make sense to them but the enemy won’t understand. As a war tactic, the use of a word to mean completely different from the ordinary meaning; this is meant to confuse the enemy. In the entertainment sector, the language that is used to portray certain issues is the one that made the situation fun, the way that the conversation is developed and presented to the audience is in a humorous way; this is another way that the selection of language and the use of the right language are seen in practice. In children games there are repetitions of statements to make them attractive to them, the choice of the kind of word that will be used is different from the one that is going to be chosen for adolescents, the children language is that that promotes job and glorifies children playing; the one for adolescent is one that is educative. In the job place, the language that employees are supposed to use when addressing customers is different from the one that they use when addressing their fellow work mates. The language for customers has a soothing element aimed at building a strong brand name. The respect that the employees use on their seniors can be detected in the language that they use. When an individual is confronted by two conditions that require him to make a decision, the kind of language that he is going to use will determine the weight that the answer to the solution will be. When a parent is bringing up a ch ild, he uses different language in terms of tones, structure and the volume that he uses to ensure that the child is shaped in the way that the parent want. In this stage the child is taught on what to say if he is a man and what to say in the case of a woman, this reinforces the differences that are perceived to be prevailing between the male and female in the society. This means that as one undertakes the daily cores, there is a force i.e. language that can be used to define him. The parents always have a good time in reinforcing the language that they give their children to a point that even if the child decides to get another secondary language, it is affected by the original parent’s language. Gender Gender simply means being female or male; it is thus not used to refer to women only. In the subject of linguistic anthropology, the effect that language has played in the area of gender has been put in place. The language that the male use is different from the one that wom en use; the way that men stress, the tone that they use, the facial expression continues to affirm their dominance in the society. They are likely to use harsh voice. On the other hand, it is the use of the same language that women demand for their recognition and respect from the men dominated world. For example, a man is more likely to say a â€Å"NO†, to ensure that the woman fears and respects the man; with so doing then the domination of the man in the family continues. In such a situation if the woman is in real need of something done, then the language that she will use can make the man change the previous â€Å"NO†, she may use words like â€Å"Woooiyee my lovely husband please†. With this selection of words and the voicing that the woman is going to use, the husband can find himself compelling with the demands of the woman. When one has given his views and the way that he responds to different questions is the main subject that one’s belief is id entified as feminism or anti feminism. When a woman is issuing evidence in court; the selection of the words will make the difference; a woman combines emotional feeling to the situation and this may influence the decision of the court. A man’s evidence on the other hand is not taken with much weight since his voice is more standard and monotonous, the fact that he is a male gives him the disadvantage. The saying goes â€Å"Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus†; this means that they understand life differently. The meaning of a word makes different to the woman and man. When a man stresses a word, he does it to produce a certain meaning; some communities also have some words that are meant for men; in some communities it is regarded as taboo to even utter some words. This continues to enforce the gender differences. In rape cases, one of the reasons that have been put forward is that women do not report them; on the defence women have argued that they feel shy of ex pressing themselves. They have no words to explain what happened. On the other hand, in the small sub sexuality culture that human beings have; there is the language that is adopted and used into them, the gays, the lesbians and the heterosexuals have a different way in which they talk. There is the choice of words they use that make them stand out of the rest. If one does not understand the language, it is more likely that in the context of these people he might not understand what they are saying. This language is seen as internationally recognized and thus the continuity of certain sexuality is thus affected. For example a heterosexual man will use a soothing language when he is talking to a woman of whom he has sexual interests in; the woman on the other hand may use body language or by some sounds to give/ communicate that she has become aroused or interested in the man. This may be different in a gay sexuality. One communicate to others regarding his sexuality through the lang uage that he is going to portray when among the group, the language is the voices, the choice of words, the area that he is going to stress, body language and the contribution that he is going to make in general discussion. To send a signal of what I am in the social setting will be understood by those whom we practice similar sexuality. Whether it is in the area of gender or sexuality what language is aiming to give is the identity of a person. Those who want to be identified as women, men, homosexuals or gays are done by the language that we adopt. In Heterosexuality the woman in most cases is regarded as the weaker sex and is not expected to express / declare her sexual interest to a man, however, there are body language and other forms of communication that she can express her interests. Men on the other hand are seen as the one who has the sexuality advantage; the move he made and the selection of words that he uses communicate his interests. By this belief that the woman shoul d not have the authority of expressing what she feels, then it continues to reinforce men dominance in the society. Gender differences are seen again with this. There is a funny situation that is portrayed by heterosexual people, the power of a woman to say a direct no to sexual advances is mostly misunderstood; when a man approach a woman, and the woman is not willing to have sex, by her saying â€Å"no† is interpolated as a way of asking the man to beg and put more effort. The word â€Å"no† said by a woman is interpolated to mean somehow there is consent; on the other hand, a â€Å"yes† to sexual advances is interpreted to show a weak woman sexually. With this belief rape cases pose a great challenge to prove that the woman really was not willing, if the woman said no, then it can be miss- interpolated that she actually was saying yes in another way; if she was saying yes, then there was no rape. At the same time, it is expected that the woman should provoke a man before sexual advances has been made; prove is on the woman to show that actually he did not provoke the man. This has been an area of controversy in court cases; the feminisms advocate for word to word interpreted. In cases of homosexual, when a sexual advance has been made, the â€Å"she-man† is expected to use an understandable language to show his consent; a mere saying of â€Å"no† may hold the same weight as that said by a heterosexual woman, however if the no is with a commanding voice it is regarded as a holding no. In this society, the she-man has the responsibility of attracting the partner, despite the heterosexual counterfeits; they are empowered to approach their partner. The kind of grammar that one uses is influenced by the language that he uses. American grammar is different from English grammar. Grammar is a product of how a person has been taught as far as the use of language is concerned. In American English for instance they have some words th at don’t have a â€Å"u† the pronunciation of these words is without the â€Å"u†. The same word is written differently in Queens English, they are for example â€Å"honor†- this is the American version and â€Å"honour† the Queen’s English version, another way is in the use of â€Å"S† and â€Å"Z†. In the American English, there is the use of â€Å"Z† in areas that the Queens English uses an â€Å"s†. An example of this is socialization this is in American English and Socialisation in Queens English. If one is reading a text that is written by two people one an American and the other by a Briton, then by looking into such areas, then one can know who is who, this show the role that the use of language can help in identifying the identity of an individual, the need for a physical intersection is not required since language can communicate this. There are also some words that mean the same but the way that they ar e spelled in different settings are different, this is not only in the omission of a certain letter or the use of a letter in place of another, but it means a total new name. An example of this is the word interpolation in American English and interplatation in Queens English. Both the above words mean to have a deeper analysis. Interpolation is not found in Queens English Dictionary and the same case with interplatation. When one is identified to belong to a certain setting the possibility of favours or racism treatment will be experienced. The use of Shrub language of some names can also be another area that language can be used to show identity. Some areas pronounce the same word with a shrub accent while others do not. An example of this is the pronunciation of the word â€Å"issue† to an American it is pronounced as â€Å"isiu† and to a Briton it is an ‘ishuu†. When one is conversing, it becomes very easy to realize the nationality of the person by the way he is going to pronounce this name   (Baym, 2007). Conclusion Literature is any written material describing certain social, economic, and political environment of the issue that can be conveyed orally, through facial expressions, writings, acting, body language, symbols and signs. Every human, physical, historical, and social activity forms part of literature, thus literature continues to grow and take shape every moment in time. Language is part literature that used to define human personalities, nationality, tribe, beliefs, and opinions among other. It can be used to reinforce some believes in the society, these beliefs include gender existence, the dominance of men, sexuality, and racialism. Reference Baym, N.(2007). The Norton Anthology American Literature: Beginnings to 1865. New York: W W Norton Co Inc. 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Essay Sample on Income Inequality in Brazil Economic Research

Essay Sample on Income Inequality in Brazil Economic Research Free example essay on Income Inequality in Brazil: In the global economy Brazil has been marked for decades by its consistent problem with inequality in income distribution. In 2001 the World Bank ranked 152 countries and only five African countries had Gini coefficients higher than Brazil’s (de Medeiros). For the level of GDP and economic clout that Brazil has, no other country comes close to the having the same issues with income inequality and poverty. The causes of Brazil’s problems have been debated extensively as economists try and pinpoint the most significant causes of the in distribution, but we can conclude that several factors: education, regional inequalities, structural unemployment and price instability; all meet to play important roles in the Brazilian crisis. Education According to Carlos Aguiar de Medeiros of International Development Economics Associates, education almost always shows a direct connection to income distribution is. This idea is continually supported by World Bank’s studies on poverty, and as Aguiar states, â€Å"investment in education is the most efficient and adequate structural action to achieve a higher equity in income distribution and lower poverty levels† (de Medeiros). In order to bridge the gap between the lower classes and higher classes in any country, the education level must be made more equal between the two. We experienced this same idea in the United States when the public school systems were segregated, and black and white students were receiving vastly different educations. The intellect of the child in either case may be somewhat natural, but the child’s opportunity to develop their intelligence and ambition was often stifled in one setting and encouraged in the other. In Brazil the inequali ty of opportunity is even greater because the average Brazilian attends significantly fewer years in school compared with United States students, and a many Brazilian children do not have viable option for education available to them. Statistics from 1980 show that 27.4 percent of Brazilians over age 35 had no education, and 49.9 percent had only 1 to 4 years of education (Reynolds). Human Capital and Technology The greater issue here is of human capital. Brazil stands out in Latin America not only for its size, but also for being the most advanced country in the technological sector. Brazil’s involvement in the sector began when technology took off in the seventies, and this provides an interesting situation in terms of human capital because technologically based jobs require a much higher level of skill than most manufacturing jobs. An increase in technology also means that many of the low skilled labor jobs will be replaced by more efficient and cost effective methods that employ fewer workers. Therefore, although technology is highly beneficial to society from efficiency and productivity standpoints in the long run, the transition can be problematic for workers. Low skilled workers face a double-edged sword because not only did the total number of jobs decrease, but the skill level required to find employment rose. Many of the most important and detrimental effects of technology in the Brazilian economy are addressed by the Kuznets Effect. This effect is based on the principle that â€Å"initial impact growth has a disequalizing effect on the distribution of income† (Reynolds). The reasons for the disequalibrium are based on the new demand for management, professional, and technical workers, in jobs that most low skilled workers cannot fill. They also cannot be educated or trained quickly enough to put them in the market for newer jobs. The gap here can be improved through better education, but that effect takes years to take hold even after new education policies are put into place, and therefore as demand for skilled jobs is high, and supply of workers low, the market wage for skilled labor increases to very high levels, further distancing the income gap. Kuznet’s ideas also point out that beyond the better wage for skilled workers; there is an issue of where value is added to t he growing economy. In less advanced economies, the increasing value and profits are often passed on in small relative quantities, and the majority of capital remains for reinvestment. This is apparent in Brazil when in 1980 only about 30 percent of value added went to manufacturing compared with 50 percent in the United States (Reynolds). The returns on reinvestment help businesses and investors to grow financially and cushion the bank accounts of the wealthiest and smallest percentage of the population. The growth for the wealthy is in amounts that far outweigh the higher wages granted to workers, and thus causes the Gini coefficient to remain high or even rise. Why hasn’t Brazil invested more in education? Education is of course one of the best answers to many of Brazil’s economic problems. Brazil does not have the resources to provide better education, but they need education to create the human capital to gain resources. The government and economy of Brazil need to be well established and running smoothly before huge amounts of money are dumped into education. The problem is a catch-22 because the government may avoid investment in education because investment in education is risky, but better education may be exactly what the country needs. The returns on education investment are often unknown and the policies to implement it are always extremely complex. Therefore, when Brazil needs every real that they can manage to help support their markets, they are unlikely to invest largely in education which carries high risk, and which also doesn’t show returns for many years. Instead, they will continue to try and administer market reforms and controls with the money that is available (Rillaers). Until the economy is able to support itself, there will not be money to support new endeavors such as progressive education. Again, this shows the need for a true stabilization of some sort in Brazil that would allow more investment in education. Regional Inequality Brazil’s national problems with inequality are also linked to distinct problems of regional inequality. Studies show that the Northeastern region of Brazil holds 28 percent of the Brazilian population, but only produced 13 percent of GDP in 1998, and the Southeastern region holds 43 percent of the population, but produced 58 percent of GDP (Azzoni). Comparison of incomes between the regions show that the Northeastern incomes were only about half of the national average while the Southeast enjoyed incomes of one-third more than the national average (Azzoni). Market theory would suggest that resources should move to balance the market, but in Brazil there is an issue of mobility. The market will only relocate resources if they are cost-effectively mobile, and because of Brazil’s geography, the costs often outweigh the benefits. Transportation costs are too high and the distances to great. There is also the option of human capital moving to expand markets, but again, the c ost of movement usually offsets the benefit of a new market. We may see this change in Brazil as the national transportation system improves travel efficiency and costs. Azzoni and Servo find in their research that regional wage differences play a role in income inequality in Brazil, but are not the main cause of it. Price Stability Price stability or instability can play a considerable role in changing levels of income distribution. The familiar phrases, â€Å"poor getting poorer† and â€Å"rich getting richer† can be broken down into real terms by examining the numbers and causes for division. In Figure 1 we have data for Brazil from 1989 to 1995 that demonstrate the movement in income distribution for those years. Knowing the history of Brazil’s economy, we can draw certain conclusions and evidence from these numbers. We see that in the years from 1991 to 1994 when Brazil was facing its worst inflationary problems (just prior to the introduction of the Real), the poorest 50 percent of the population was rapidly losing ground to the richest 20 percent. Considering the types of income and wage contracts that poorer workers depend on, we can see that they are at a much higher risk when prices are not stable. They are often locked in to a particular wage or salary, and if the expectations at the time that the contract was drafted fall short of the actual inflation and price level, the workers are often left earning a lower real wage. The wealthy have outlets to protect their money. They can move large investments outside the country, have the opportunity to take advantage of high domestic interest rates, and are not effected by the rising prices of food and other consumer goods because those goods only constitute a small portion of their living costs. Looking again at Figure 1 we see that from 1993 to 1994, while the poorest half of the population lost 1.8 percent of the income share, the richest quintile gained 3.5 percent. The top 20 percent was increasing at almost double the rate that poorer sections were dropping. From 1994 to 1995, after the introduction of the Real Plan, we see an immediate turn around in the trend with the poorest half gaining 1.2 percent and the richest 20 percent losing 2.3 percent. The trend reversed from the prior year’s numbers, and that can be accredited to the Real Plan’s drastic decrease in inflation through de-indexation and a new currency. With price stability, the poor do not only avoid the inflationary tax that they undergo in times of unrest, the rich are also less able to capitalize on the very high interest rates of inflationary times, and therefore both ends of the distribution contract towards the center. In the two years following the stabilization Brazil only saw a 3 percent increase in the price level of basic goods, but the minimum wage grew in Brazil by 78 percent. This is pivotal to the real wage rate which increased by 24 percent in the year following the introduction of the Real Plan (â€Å"Stability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Conclusion As evidenced above there are varied reasons behind the problems of income inequality in Brazil, but the overwhelming characteristic is that it runs deep and is engrained into the Brazilian society. There will not be any quick solution, as evidenced by the tiny improvement in the Gini coefficient after the Real Plan. From 1993 to 1995 Brazil’s Gini coefficient only improved from .60 to .59; a miniscule improvement in a number which is immense by world standards, and still the highest within Latin America (â€Å"The Real Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). There is an upside to the story. Data centered on education level compared with income growth show that there has been a greater percentage increase in income for less educated groups than more educated groups (â€Å"The Real Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). This shows that income distribution is narrowing, but again, there is still hardly any improvement in Brazil’s inequality measures. The lack of overall improvement of Brazil’s situat ion, despite favorable variables underscores the severity and depth of Brazil’s problem. If there is going be to a change in Brazil, it will have to be fundamentally at the root of the problem. No quick reconstruction or stabilization plan will equalize the income distribution. The most important issue will be education. Brazil must take dramatic steps to invest in and protect the education of their population. They are at the head of the technology game now, without a fully educated work force, and if they increase the number of workers who are skilled in new jobs, the economy will be strong enough to rebuild and support itself without hefty international aid. It will take time for returns on education to become influential, but once a strong educational base is in place, it will remain there. Once human capital is established it rarely diminishes. The base of an economy is the people who are a part of it, and if Brazil intends to improve across the board, they should start with the base and work their way up.

6th Grade Science Fair Projects

6th Grade Science Fair Projects Ideas for 6th-grade science fair projects can be a challenge to conceive. Projects need to be sophisticated and elaborate enough to show complex thinking but not so complex that they would be impossible for a sixth-grader to execute. These are topics and experiments suitable for upper-grade school or entry-level middle school. General Project Ideas The ideas in this section and the following one are phrased as questions because that is generally how schools require sixth-grade students to announce their projects, as a question, or hypothesis, to be tested and answered. What types of fruits or vegetables are suitable for making a battery?Which apps run down a cell phone battery most quickly or use up a lot of data. This is a good project for making attractive graphs.How much paper is required to register for school? Can you propose a way to streamline the process to make it more environmentally friendly? Would this process save time or money?What exactly does a vacuum cleaner pick up? Use a magnifying glass or microscope to look at the contents of a bag or canister. What types of material are not picked up?Does coloring carbonated water change how its taste is perceived?How long does it take for milk to go bad refrigerated and unrefrigerated? What about juice?Do all crayons have the same melting points? Why or why not?Do different types of carbonated sodas have different pH? Do you think this can affect tooth decay?What types of fruits, vegetables, and flowers can be used to make a pH indicator? Make some indicator solution, write up a protocol, and test home chemicals to explore the color range of your solution. Can you tell different brands of soda pop apart based on taste?Do some plants grow better inside than outside? More Complex Projects The projects in this section tend to be slightly more complex than those suggested in the previous section. They are still appropriate for sixth-grade science fair projects but may take more steps and/or time to execute. What type of air freshener makes a school bus smell best to the greatest number of students?Which type of water contains the lowest amount of chlorine?What type of insulation holds in heat the best?Do different types of knots affect the breaking strength of a rope?Does wiping a doorknob with an antibacterial wipe really reduce the numbers of bacteria? Does using hand sanitizer really reduce the amount of bacteria on your hands?How do different flame retardants affect the flammability and burning rate of cotton?Which cooking method results in the least loss of vitamin C?Does temperature affect the maximum size you can inflate a balloon?Does the color of a crayon affect how long of a line it will write?Does changing the temperature affect how long a pen will last?Do all types of bread mold at the same rate? Tips and Hints By the sixth grade, students should have a good understanding of the steps of the scientific method. The best science fair project ideas will be ones with a hypothesis that is tested by an experiment. Then, the student decides whether to accept or reject the hypothesis and draws a conclusion. This is also a good grade level for presenting data in graphs and charts. Parents and teachers need to understand that sixth-graders still need help with ideas, especially finding ideas that use materials that are readily available and that can be completed within the allotted time frame. One way to come up with a good idea is to look around the house and find topics a sixth-grader may have questions about. Brainstorm these questions and find ones that can be written as a testable hypothesis.

Applied Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Applied Ethics - Assignment Example Therefore, ethics can cause morality to change. Finally, morality surpasses cultural norms, while ethics in most cases is overseen by professional and legal guidelines within a particular place and time (Ciulla, 2003). Ethics is fundamental to any leadership; good ethics upholds characteristic needed for an effective leader. In the leadership, you can get two scenerios, an effective leader but not ethical or a not effective leader but ethical (Ciulla, 2004). It is hard to get both. Therefore, the phrase â€Å"the ends justify the means† depends on what is the outcome and the goal and the means used to achieve them. If the outcome is good and noble then, the ends justify the means. However, most people do not mean that; they use the phrase as an excuse to achieve a particular goal, through any means no matter how illegal, immoral and unpleasant the means could be. The phrase means it does not matter how someone gets what he or she want so long have it. In most cases this phrase is used in an unfair way such that most leaders use it for self-gain. For instance, Machiavelli never liked Cesare Borgia as a person, however he was impressed by Borgia as the resolute, who got the job done, but the way he did it was morally disgusting. In ethics end justifying the means is an ethical dilemma and a popular scenario. There are things to be considered when making a decision, for instance, what is the morality of the action, the morality of the individual performing an action and the morality of the outcome. In the leadership, a good and effective leader should use a moral means to justify a moral end. This is because leaders need to be more careful than ordinary people because a leader’s moral inconsistency is highly noticeable by the public than just an ordinary individual. When their action does not meet their promote values, then they tend to lose the trust of their effectiveness from various stakeholders. There are leaders who tend to be effective in what

Wall Street Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wall Street Film - Essay Example Greed to earn more and achieve the fame and fortune forces Bud Fox and Garden Gekko to actually start to prefer self over the family and indulge into actions which may be against the law. Garden Gekko openly said that greed is good, thus, giving the impression that earning money regardless of whether it comes from ethical ways is always a good thing to do in life. The movie shows that the characters deliberately broke the law and engaged into activities which were detrimental to the interests of others. The ethical issues highlighted also indicates as to how Bud Fox was lured into doing business with Garden Gekko and over the period of time lost his innocence and concerns for the rule of law and abiding the principles laid down by SEC. As things move on, Bud Fox seems to involve his friends also in the process of making money. This has shown that instinctively, being professionals, we can bet on the money of those who supported us in difficult times; as such, our relationships may be come driven more by the money rather than the feelings of love and compassion which as individuals fee for each other in our relationships. The ethical failings of Bud and Gekko may be in their tendency to be lured away by earning more money and in that process of earning more money lose sight of what is right and what is wrong. ... Best consequences always suggest that actions should be such that they are helpful and maximize utility for most number of people. Accordingly, any action which is considered to bring more happiness or bring greatest good is considered as an ethical and moral action regardless of the actual consequences. Utilitarianism however, counts those acts as unethical which are done in a manner that can provide maximum utility to individuals and create harm for others. The notion of greatest good for the greatest number of people, therefore, prevails in utilitarianism, as well as how individual and collective actions should be driven ethically. (Ferrell, Fraedrich and Ferrell) The situation described in the movie clearly indicates that the actions of both characters are actually offering greatest happiness to them only. This limits the positive consequences of their actions to themselves only, whereas the negative consequences of their actions are spilled over to the general public. The way fi nancial institutions are managed and the kind of speculative activities are taking place indicate that financial managers may be taking bets rather than calculated risks. Taking bets without actually involving rational, prudent and conservative investment approach results into greater losses for the investors and the society as a whole. Using utilitarian approach, therefore, outlines that the characters actually engaged into activities which were speculative in nature and were detrimental to not only the financial services industry as a whole but for the society in general also. The current financial meltdown is often considered as the result of the imprudent actions

Branches of Social Sciece Essay Example for Free

Branches of Social Sciece Essay It is a branch of science that studies the customs of human society and the way in which that society functions. Of particular interest is the study of the relationships between the people hat make up that society as well as the behavior of these individuals within that society. Social Science involves any discipline or branch of science that explores the social and cultural aspects of human behavior. The disciplines of social sciences draw from a variety of fields of study and although these different areas of social sciences vary far and wide, they all aim to understand and explain human society and behavior. This study of how groups of people behave is usually done with the aim of being able to predict how they will behave in the future. The Social Science disciplines are branches of knowledge which are taught and researched at the college or university level. Social Science disciplines are defined and recognized by the academic journals in which research is published, and the learned Social Science societies and academic departments or faculties to which their practitioners belong. Social Science fields of study usually have several sub-disciplines or branches, and the distinguishing lines between these are often both arbitrary and ambiguous. This branch of social science covers the study of the origin of human beings. Of particular interest is the study of the nature of the social relationships between people and how they have developed. Anthropology aims to give a whole and complete explanation of human nature. Anthropology is the holistic science of man, — a science of the totality of human existence. The discipline deals with the integration of different aspects of the Social Sciences, Humanities, and Human Biology. In the twentieth century, academic disciplines have often been institutionally divided into three broad domains. The natural sciences seek to derive general laws through reproducible and verifiable experiments. The humanities generally study local traditions, through their history, literature, music, and arts, with an emphasis on understanding particular individuals, events, or eras. The social sciences have generally attempted to develop scientific methods to understand social phenomena in a generalizable way, though usually with methods distinct from those of the natural sciences. The goal of anthropology is to provide a holistic account of humans and human nature. This means that, though anthropologists generally specialize in only one sub-field, they always keep in mind the biological, linguistic, historic and cultural aspects of any problem. Since anthropology arose as a science in Western societies that were complex and industrial, a major trend within anthropology has been a methodological drive to study peoples in societies with more simple social organization, sometimes called primitive in anthropological literature, but without any connotation of inferior. Today, anthropologists use terms such as less complex societies or refer to specific modes of subsistence or production, such as pastoralist or forager or horticulturalist to refer to humans living in non-industrial, non-Western cultures, such people or folk (ethnos) remaining of great interest within anthropology. The quest for holism leads most anthropologists to study a people in detail, using biogenetic, archaeological, and linguistic data alongside direct observation of contemporary customs. In the 1990s and 2000s, calls for clarification of what constitutes a culture, of how an observer knows where his or her own culture ends and another begins, and other crucial topics in writing anthropology were heard. It is possible to view all human cultures as part of one large, evolving global culture. These dynamic relationships, between what can be observed on the ground, as opposed to what can be observed by compiling many local observations remain fundamental in any kind of anthropology, whether cultural, biological, linguistic or archaeological. In this branch of social science, the study of the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services are covered. The main focus of economics lies in understanding and explaining how economies work and how factors contributing to economies interact with each other. Economics is a social science that seeks to analyze and describe the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth. The word economics is from the Greek ÃŽ ¿Ã¡ ¼ ¶ÃŽ ºÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š [oikos], family, household, estate, and ÃŽ ½ÃÅ'ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€š [nomos], custom, law, and hence means household management or management of the state. An economist is a person using economic concepts and data in the course of employment, or someone who has earned a university degree in the subject. The classic brief definition of economics, set out by Lionel Robbins in 1932, is the science which studies human behavior as a relation between scarce means having alternative uses. Without scarcity and alternative uses, there is no economic problem. Briefer yet is the study of how people seek to satisfy needs and wants and the study of the financial aspects of human behavior. Economics has two broad branches: microeconomics, where the unit of analysis is the individual agent, such as a household or firm, and macroeconomics, where the unit of analysis is an economy as a whole. Another division of the subject distinguishes positive economics, which seeks to predict and explain economic phenomena, from normative economics, which orders choices and actions by some criterion; such orderings necessarily involve subjective value judgments. Since the early part of the 20th century, economics has focused largely on measurable quantities, employing both theoretical models and empirical analysis. Quantitative models, however, can be traced as far back as the physiocratic school. Economic reasoning has been increasingly applied in recent decades to other social situations such as politics, law, psychology, history, religion, marriage and family life, and other social interactions. This paradigm crucially assumes (1) that resources are scarce because they are not sufficient to satisfy all wants, and (2) that economic value is willingness to pay as revealed for instance by market (arms length) transactions. Rival heterodox schools of thought, such as institutional economics, green economics, Marxist economics, and economic sociology, make other grounding assumptions. For example, Marxist economics assumes that economics primarily deals with the exchange of value, and that labor (human effort) is the source of all value. The expanding domain of economics in the social sciences has been described as economic imperialism. This branch of social science studies the institution of teaching in human society. Covered in this field of study are the processes by which knowledge is passed on and how specific skills are taught and learned. This process of education is examined throughout an individuals lifetime, that is from childbirth and on to old age. Education encompasses teaching and learning specific skills, and also something less tangible but more profound: the imparting of knowledge, positive judgement and well-developed wisdom. Education has as one of its fundamental aspects the imparting of culture from generation to generation (see socialization). To educate means to draw out, from the Latin educare, or to facilitate the realization of an individuals potential and talents. It is an application of pedagogy, a body of theoretical and applied research relating to teaching and learning and draws on many disciplines such as psychology, philosophy, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, sociology and anthropology. The education of an individual human begins at birth and continues throughout life. (Some believe that education begins even before birth, as evidenced by some parents playing music or reading to the baby in the womb in the hope it will influence the childs development.) For some, the struggles and triumphs of daily life provide far more instruction than does formal schooling (thus Mark Twains admonition to never let school interfere with your education). Family members may have a profound educational effect — often more profound than they realize — though family teaching may function very informally. This branch of social science can be subdivided into two main sub-disciplines namely; human geography and physical geography. Human geography is mainly concerned with the built environment and the influence humans have on the spaces they occupy. Physical geography on the other hand looks into the natural environment. Of particular interest in this field is the study of how climate, vegetation life, soil, water and landforms are produced and how they interact. Geography as a discipline can be split broadly into two main sub fields: human geography and physical geography. The former focuses largely on the built environment and how space is created, viewed and managed by humans as well as the influence humans have on the space they occupy. The latter examines the natural environment and how the climate, vegetation life, soil, water and landforms are produced and interact. As a result of the two subfields using different approaches a third field has emerged, which is environmental geography. Environmental geography combines physical and human geography and looks at the interactions between the environment and humans. Geographers attempt to understand the earth in terms of physical and spatial relationships. The first geographers focused on the science of mapmaking and finding ways to precisely project the surface of the earth. In this sense, geography bridges some gaps between the natural sciences and social sciences. Historical geography is often taught in a college in a unified Department of Geography. Modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline, closely related to GISc, that seeks to understand humanity and its natural environment. The fields of Urban Planning, Regional Science, and Planetology are closely related to geography. Practitioners of geography use many technologies and methods to collect data such as GIS, remote sensing, aerial photography, statistics, and global positioning systems (GPS). The field of geography is generally split into two distinct branches: physical and human. Physical geography examines phenomena related to climate, oceans, soils, and the measurement of earth. Human geography focuses on fields as diverse as Cultural geography, transportation, health, military operations, and cities. Other branches of geography include Social geography, regional geography, geomatics, and environmental geography. This branch of social science covers the study of the human past. It is a field of study that uses past accounts to examine and analyze sequences of events. It also sometimes attempts to investigate in an objective manner, the patterns of cause and effect that have led to particular events taking place. History is the continuous, systematic narrative and research into past human events as interpreted through historiographical paradigms or theories, such as the Turner Thesis about the American frontier. History has a base in both the social sciences and the humanities. In the United States the National Endowment for the Humanities includes history in its definition of a Humanities (as it does for applied Linguistics). However, the National Research Council classifies History as a Social science. The historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history. The Social Science History Association, formed in 1976, brings together scholars from numerous disciplines interested in social history. This branch of social science studies the institution of the rule of law in human society and it sometimes crosses over into the humanities depending on the aspect from which it is studied. Of particular interest are its origin and the way in which a supreme power in a state commands what is â€Å"right† and prohibits what is considered â€Å"wrong.† Law in common parlance, means a rule which (unlike a rule of ethics) is capable of enforcement through institutions. However, many laws are based on norms accepted by a community and thus have an ethical foundation. The study of law crosses the boundaries between the social sciences and humanities, depending on ones view of research into its objectives and effects. Law is not always enforceable, especially in the international relations context. It has been defined as a system of rules,as an interpretive concept achieve justice, as an authorityto mediate peoples interests, and even as the command of a sovereign, backed by the threat of a sanction. However one likes to think of law, it is a completely central social institution. Legal policy incorporates the practical manifestation of thinking from almost every social sciences and humanity. Laws are politics, because politicians create them. Law is philosophy, because moral and ethical persuasions shape their ideas. Law tells many of historys stories, because statutes, case law and codifications build up over time. And law is economics, because any rule about contract, tort, property law, labour law, company law and many more can have long lasting effects on the distribution of wealth. The noun law derives from the late Old English lagu, meaning something laid down or fixed and the adjective legal comes from the Latin word lex. In this field of study, the theory and practice of politics is examined. Also covered is the description and analysis of political systems including political behavior. Political science is the branch of social science that deals with the study of politics and analysis of its system as well as political behavior. Political science is an academic and research discipline that deals with the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior. Fields and subfields of political science include political economy, political theory and philosophy, civics and comparative politics, theory of direct democracy, apolitical governance, participatory direct democracy, national systems, cross-national political analysis, political development, international relations, foreign policy, international law, politics, public administration, administrative behavior, public law, judicial behavior, and public policy. Political science also studies power in international relations and the theory of Great powers and Superpowers. Political science is methodologically diverse, although recent years have witnessed an upsurge in the use of the scientific method . That is the proliferation of formal-deductive model building and quantitative hypothesis testing. Approaches to the discipline include rational choice, classical political philosophy, interpretivism, structuralism, and behavioralism, realism, pluralism, and institutionalism. This branch of social science involves the study of behavior and mental processes. Of particular interest is the application of this knowledge to the treatment of mental illness. Psychology is an academic and applied field involving the study of behavior and mental processes. Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including problems of individuals daily lives and the treatment of mental illness. The word psychology comes from the ancient Greek ψυχÎ ®, psyche (soul, mind) and logy, study). Psychology differs from anthropology, economics, political science, and sociology in seeking to capture explanatory generalizations about the mental function and overt behavior of individuals, while the other disciplines focus on creating descriptive generalizations about the functioning of social groups or situation-specific human behavior. In practice, however, there is quite a lot of cross-fertilization that takes place among the various fields. Psychology differs from biology and neuroscience in that it is primarily concerned with the interaction of mental processes and behavior, and of the overall processes of a system, and not simply the biological or neural processes themselves, though the subfield of neuropsychology combines the study of the actual neural processes with the study of the mental effects they have subjectively produced. Many people associate Psychology with Clinical Psychology which focuses on assessment and treatment of problems in living and psychopathology. In reality, Psychology has myriad specialties including: Social Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Industrial-Organizational Psychology, Mathematical psychology, Neuropsychology, and Quantitative Analysis of Behavior to name only a few. Psychology is a very broad science that is rarely tackled as a whole, major block. Although some subfields encompass a natural science base and a social science application, others can be clea rly distinguished as having little to do with the social sciences or having a lot to do with the social sciences. For example, biological psychology is considered a natural science with a social scientific application (as is clinical medicine), social and occupational psychology are, generally speaking, purely social sciences, whereas neuropsychology is a natural science that lacks application out of the scientific tradition entirely. In British universities, emphasis on what tenet of psychology a student has studied and/or concentrated is communicated through the degree conferred: B.Psy. indicates a balance between natural and social sciences, B.Sc. indicates a strong (or entire) scientific concentration, whereas a B.A. underlines a majority of social science credits. This is not always necessarily the case however, and in many UK institutions students studying the B.Psy, B.Sc, and B.A. follow the same curriculum as outlined by The British Psychological Society and have the same options of specialism open to them regardless of whether they choose a balance, a heavy science basis, or heavy social science basis to their degree. If they applied to read the B.A. for example, but specialised in heavily science based modules, then they will still generally be awarded the B.A. Covered in this branch of social science is the study of human society and social action. Sociology is the systematic study of society and human social action. The meaning of the word comes from the suffix -ology which means study of, derived from Greek, and the stem soci- which is from the Latin word socius, meaning companion, or society in general. Sociology was originally established by Auguste Comte (1798–1857) in 1838. Comte endeavoured to unify history, psychology and economics through the descriptive understanding of the social realm. He proposed that social ills could be remedied through sociological positivism, an epistemological approach outlined in The Course in Positive Philosophy [1830–1842] and A General View of Positivism (1844). Though Comte is generally regarded as the Father of Sociology, the discipline was formally established by another French thinker, Émile Durkheim (1858–1917), who developed positivism as a foundation to practical social research. Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux in 1895, publishing his Rules of the Sociological Method. In 1896, he established the journal LAnnà ©e Sociologique. Durkheims seminal monograph, Suicide (1897), a case study of suicide rates amongst Catholic and Protestant populations, distinguished sociological analysis from psychology or philosophy. Karl Marx rejected Comtean positivism but nevertheless aimed to establish a science of society based on historical materialism, becoming recognised as a founding figure of sociology posthumously as the term gained broader meaning. Around the start of the 20th century, the first wave of German sociologists, including Max Weber and Georg Simmel, developed sociological antipositivism. The field may be broadly recognised as an amalgam of three modes of social thought in particular: Durkheimian positivism and structural functionalism; Marxist historical materialism and conflict theory; Weberian antipositivism and verstehen analysis. American sociology broadly arose on a separate trajectory, with little Marxist influence, an emphasis on rigorous experimental methodology, and a closer association with pragm atism and social psychology. In the 1920s, the Chicago school developed symbolic interactionism. Meanwhile in the 1930s, the Frankfurt School pioneered the idea of critical theory, an interdisciplinary form of Marxist sociology drawing upon thinkers as diverse as Sigmund Freud and Friedrich Nietzsche. Critical theory would take on something of a life of its own after World War II, influencing literary criticism and the Birmingham School establishment of cultural studies. Sociology evolved as an academic response to the challenges of modernity, such as industrialization, urbanization, secularization, and a perceived process of enveloping rationalization. Because sociology is such a broad discipline, it can be difficult to define, even for professional sociologists. The field generally concerns the social rules and processes that bind and separate people not only as individuals, but as members of associations, groups, communities and institutions, and includes the examination of the organization and development of human social life. The sociological field of interest ranges from the analysis of short contacts between anonymous individuals on the street to the study of global social processes. In the terms of sociologists Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, social scientists seek an understanding of the Social Construction of Reality. Most sociologists work in one or more subfields. One useful way to describe the discipline is as a cluster of sub-fields that examine different dimensions of society. For example, social stratification studies inequality and class structure; demography studies changes in a population size or type; criminology examines criminal behavior and deviance; and political sociology studies the interaction between society and state. Deals with processes of human communication, commonly defined as the sharing of symbols to create meaning. The discipline encompasses a range of topics, from face-to-face conversation to mass media outlets such as television broadcasting. Communication studies also examines how messages are interpreted through the political, cultural, economic, and social dimensions of their contexts. Communication is institutionalized under many different names at different universities, including communication, communication studies, speech communication, rhetorical studies, communications science, media studies, communication arts, mass communication, media ecology, and communication and media science. Communication studies integrates aspects of both social sciences and the humanities. As a social science, the discipline often overlaps with sociology, psychology, anthropology, biology, political science, economics, and public policy, among others. From a humanities perspective, communication is concerned with rhetoric and persuasion (traditional graduate programs in communication studies trace their history to the rhetoricians of Ancient Greece). The field applies to outside disciplines as well, including engineering, architecture, mathematics, and information science. Additional Social Science disciplines and fields of study include: †¢Archaeology is the science that studies human cultures through the recovery, documentation, analysis, and interpretation of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, features, biofacts, and landscapes. †¢Area studies are interdisciplinary fields of research and scholarship pertaining to particular geographical, national/federal, or cultural regions. †¢Behavioral science is a term that encompasses all the disciplines that explore the activities of and interactions among organisms in the natural world. †¢Demography is the statistical study of all populations. †¢Development studies a multidisciplinary branch of social science which addresses issues of concern to developing countries. †¢Environmental social science is the broad, transdisciplinary study of interrelations between humans and the natural environment. †¢Environmental studies integrate social, humanistic, and natural science perspectives on the relation between humans and the natural environment. †¢Information science is an interdisciplinary science primarily concerned with the collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information. †¢International studies covers both International relations (the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states within the international system) and International education (the comprehensive approach that intentionally prepares people to be active and engaged participants in an interconnected world). †¢Journalism is the craft of conveying news, descriptive material and comment via a widening spectrum of media. †¢Legal management is a social sciences discipline that is designed for students interested in the study of State and Legal elements. †¢Library science is an interdisciplinary field that applies the practices, perspectives, and tools of management, information technology, education, and other areas to libraries; the collection, organization, preservation and dissemination of information resources; and the political economy of information. †¢Management in all business and human organization activity is simply the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives. †¢Marketing the identification of human needs and wants, defines and measures their magnitude for demand and understanding the process of consumer buying behavior to formulate products and services, pricing, promotion and distribution to satisfy these needs and wants through exchange processes and building long term relationships. †¢Political economy is the study of production, buying and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government.

Belonging Uncertainty of Women in Quantitative Fields Such as Math Essa

Belonging Uncertainty of Women in Quantitative Majors Such as Math Belonging uncertainty occurs to people of all genders, races, ethnicities, and social status’. It is the feeling that one does not belong in an area or field. We concentrated on womens’ belonging uncertainty in a quantitative major, math. All over the world, there are women who have a desire to pursue majors such as science, engineering, technology, and math, but they are discouraged from doing so because of stereotypes that suggest that they do not have the capability to compete with men in those fields. Some research looked at minorities and their belonging uncertainty; others looked specifically at women and the factors in play which create belonging uncertainty for them in quantitative fields such as math. Walton and Cohen (2007) investigated whether or not minority groups would be unsure of the friendships and social links they form, which in turn would affect their feelings of social belonging. In the experiment, Black students had difficulty listing 8 friends in the computer science major which prompted a negative sense of social fit in that major, while white students showed no similar effect. This implies that social belonging relates to whether or not an individual feels comfortable in the major they pursue, and whether they will be confident in recommending that major to someone similar to themselves (Walter & Cohen, 2007). A similar study conducted by Johnson (2012) was tailored to observe the effects of the college environment on Black women and their social belonging (Johnson, 2012). Researcher Johnson (2012) focused on the college environment, and its effect on the sense of belonging that women, especially women of color, may lack. The results... ...ate perceptions and overall sense of belonging among racially diverse women in STEM major. Journal of College Student Development, 53, 336-346. Rosenthal, L., London, B., & Levy, S.R. (2011). The roles of perceived identity compatibility and social support for women in a single-sex STEM program at a co-education university. Sex Roles, 65, 725-736. doi: 10.1007/s11199-011-9945-0 Smith, J.L., Lewis, K.L., Hawthorne, L., & Hodges, S.D. (2012). When trying hard isn’t natural: Women’s belonging with and motivation for male-dominated STEM fields as a function of effort expenditure. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 131-143. doi: 1177/0146167212468332. Walton, G., & Cohen, G.L. (2007). A question of belonging: Race, social fit, and achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 82-96. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.1. 82